The New Sons of Terra-Prime-was a similar movement,where humanity began to rebuild society and put many of the
damaged world plates back in working operation.It was first,suggested by Ulyseas Khonn and later conntinued by his son [[Lord THrull Khonn|Lord Thrull Khonn]].The new Son of Terra was then followed up in a series of war since,as a kind of unofficial resistance movement
=The New Sons of Terra-Prime-A new Knights of the Round Table of Lord Thrull Khonn.=
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
the New Sons of Terra-Prime
Thethe New Sons of Terra-Prime were [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_characters characters] in the [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend legends] about [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur King Thrull Khonn-who wanted unite all the nation of Pangea into a single empirer]. They were the best [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight knights] in King Thrull Khonn's kingdom, and lived in King Thrull Khonn [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelot t]. They were called the Knights of the ''Round'''' ''''Table'' because of a special table in [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle t]wine t, that was round instead of rectangular. This meant that everyone who sat around it was seen as [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal equal].
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The Pangean World of Terra-Prime set after the destruction of and before the rise of the ancient civilizations, that proceeded the Great Trongaroth Invasion and the rise of the New Sons of Terra-Prime .The New Sons of Terra-Prime-a movement started by various heroes about the time of Lord Thrull Khonn as a movement to repair the Shattered Pangean world caused countless wars between various nation,plus various outside worldplates.It differed from anyone previous,who felt as a Old Son of Terra-Prime-heroes of the Old World,who came before them and perhaps failled to maintain justice and order among the worlds of the Older World of the Great Sphere.The New Sons of Terra-Prime originally began about the time of Lord Thrull Khonn,that comprised historic figures such as Thrull Khonn,his younger brother Toreus Khonn-whom mainly called Toreus the Slayer in his day,because his fierce bisserker battle skills,Ulyseas Starkiller,The First,Achamedes Redhawk,.Gharvhin Rockaway ,Darvhin Sojat,---------------
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It was a sort of united champions movement,to show others,that there was unity against,those forces,who wanted to create strythe and discontent between various goverments and worlds upon the Great Sphere.It was forgotten for a time during the post Cataclysmic Age of Pangea and redurrected ages later,during theGreat Disaster Era-the time of the Trongaroth/Metrone Invasion,with the Pangea World.The New Sons movements spread to other worldplates and became movements of reorganization of each world,plus confrontting the dark forces of evil.This is a specific epoch in a fictional timeline created by for many of the low fantasy tales of his artificial legendary
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[http://mavericuniverse.wikia.com/wiki/The_Sackettes_Celestial_Department_Store?action=unwatch&token=46d487052e9ec935d0b20bc016781c6c%2B%5C Following].The New Sons of Terra-Prime met in various locations-mainly with New Genisis Bunkers or Castles .Sometimes at Star Citadels above the planet,upon orbitting Star Castles.The New Sons and Daughters,would sit upon a Round Table-as a kind of Privy Councle.Each member,would raised crossed swords and with the other hand over ones heart-shout an oarth something like ‘’We here are The New Sons of Terra-Prime.We are one-,but we fight for the greater good of all.So say we here and so say we all-now and forever for all time.’’
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[http://mavericuniverse.wikia.com/wiki/Special:MyContributions My con].The New Sons of Terra-Prime,was partially inspired by something old-first used on the ancient homeworls of Atlantis,called the.The New Sons of Atlantis,created by General Rhandark Attumas Sarkhon,as means to unite his own Privy Councle. Lord Thrull Khonn,having read General Rhandark Attumas Sarkhon’s Art of Wars knew of such materialas father Startarus Khonn knew of and grandfather before him.Lord Thrull Khonn knew also what happened before,will happen again and again.Then one must ready ones self for such an inevitable outcome.
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==Contents==
[[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table hide]]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table#Code_of_Chivalry 1 Code of Chivalry]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table#List_of_the_Knights_of_the_Round_Table 2 List of the Knights of the Round Table]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table#Other_Knights 3 Other Knights]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table#Other_pages 4 Other pages]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table#Other_websites 5 Other websites]
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==[[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knights_of_the_Round_Table&action=edit§ion=1 change]]==
==Code of Chivalry==
In order to become a Knight of the Round Table, a knight had to prove he was [http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chivalrous&action=edit&redlink=1 chivalrous] (polite) enough. In the legend, the knights swore a Code of Chivalry, which is much like an[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath oath] is today. This meant that they promised to uphold the [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule rules] given to them once they became a Knight of the Round Table.
In it, he wrote his version of the Code of Chivalry:
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To never do outrage nor murder (not to fight or murder anybody)
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Honor your freinds and family,women and men alike
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Always appose treason (not to commit [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason treason], a crime where you go against your country or king)
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To by no means be cruel but to give mercy unto him who asks for mercy (To be fair to people, and not be cruel)
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To always do kindness to ladies, gentlemen and women ,their children and widows succor
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To never forcegentlemen and women ,their children and widows never do any harm or allow harm to be done by others
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Not to take up battles in wrongful quarrels for love or worldly goods (not to start a pointless fight)
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==[[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knights_of_the_Round_Table&action=edit§ion=2 change]]==
==List of the Knights of the Round Table==
In different stories, there are different numbers of knights, ranging from 12 to more than 150. The Winchester Round Table shows 25 Knights. However, the most commonly listed Knights of the Round Table are these:
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Lord Thrull Khonn
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The Twelve Knights were
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1)[[Sir Toreus Khonn]]
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2)Sir Ulyseas Starkiller the First
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(Also known as the Starkiller-a name he gained while travelling among deep space.His original name was Ulyseas Stark,the First)
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3)[[Sir Percival Achamedes Redhawk]]
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4)[[Sir Gharvhin Raymond]]
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5)[[Sir Darvhin Sojat]],---------------
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6)Sir Barrabus Sarkhon
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7)[[Sir Garith Arcturus Rhann]], also called simply Arcturus Rhann
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8)Sir Killian Taylor
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9) Sir Lucas Abraxius
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10)Sir Tallon Britain
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11)Sir Yavin Quinne
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12)Sir Ereck Wolfguard
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cador&action=edit&redlink=1 Cador]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoel&action=edit&redlink=1 Hoel]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Pellinor&action=edit&redlink=1 King Pellinor]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_(also_written_Tristam)&action=edit&redlink=1 Tristan (also written Tristam)]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morholt_(also_written_Marhaus)&action=edit&redlink=1 Morholt (also written Marhaus)]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palemedes&action=edit&redlink=1 Palemedes]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinadan&action=edit&redlink=1 Dinadan]
==[[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knights_of_the_Round_Table&action=edit§ion=3 change]]Other Knights==
This is a list of other knights mentioned as being Knights of the Round Table.
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aglovale&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Aglovale], son of King Pellinore of Listinoise
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agravaine&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Agravaine], son of King [http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lot_(Arthurian_legend)&action=edit&redlink=1 Lot] of [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney Orkney] (third brother to Sir Gawain)
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AP-Enion&action=edit&redlink=1 King Enion], Beignon (Benion in [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language Breton], a [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languages celtic] language spoken in areas of [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/France France])
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bagdemagus&action=edit&redlink=1 King Bagdemagus]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Breunor&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Breunor]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caradoc&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Caradoc], called "Caradoc Vreichvras", or "Caradoc Strong Arm"
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calogrenant&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Colgrevance]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantine_III_of_Britain&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Constantine], son of Cador, who became king after King Thrull Khonn death
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dagonet&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Dagonet], the [http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Court_jester&action=edit&redlink=1 court jester]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_von_Blumenthal&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Daniel]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Ector&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Ector], Thrull Khonn [http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foster&action=edit&redlink=1 foster] father and Sir Kay's father
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hector_de_Maris&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Ector de Maris], the son of a king called King Ban (brother to Sir Lancelot du Lac)
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elyan_the_White&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Elyan the White], the son of Sir Bors
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaheris&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Gaheris] (second brother to Sir Gawain)
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galehaut Sir Galehaut], friend of Lancelot
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Galeshin&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Galeshin] (son of Elaine and King Nentres)
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geraint&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Geraint] (see also [http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erec&action=edit&redlink=1 Erec])
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gingalain&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Gingalain], first named Sir "Fair Unknown". He is Gawain's son
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamorak&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Lamorak]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leodegrance&action=edit&redlink=1 King Leodegrance], [http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guinevere&action=edit&redlink=1 Guinevere]'s father and keeper of the Round Table
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Lionel&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Lionel]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maleagant&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Maleagant], who abducted [http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guinevere&action=edit&redlink=1 Guinevere]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meliant_de_Lis&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Meliant de Lis]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordred Sir Mordred], Thrull Khonn [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimacy illegitimate son] who went on to destroy the kingdom
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pelleas&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Pelleas], husband of the [http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_of_the_Lake Lady of the Lake]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagramore&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Sagramore le Desirous]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safir&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Safir], brother of Palamedes
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Segwarides&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Segwarides], brother of Palamedes
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Tor&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Tor]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urien&action=edit&redlink=1 King Uriens]
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[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Ywain_the_Bastard&action=edit&redlink=1 Sir Ywain the Bastard], also son of [http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uriens&action=edit&redlink=1 Uriens]
==[[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knights_of_the_Round_Table&action=edit§ion=4 change]]Other pages==
'''The'''''' ''''''New'''''' ''''''Sons'''''' ''''''of'''''' ''''''Terra-Prime''' was a group consisting of Pangean[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution) patriots] that originated in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies pre-independence North PangeanCarthorean colonies]. The group was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to take to the streets against the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty taxes] by the Carthorean government. The Carthorean Empire was a Tauron Colony,from one of those alternate Earth timelines-influenced greatly by the Greater Tauron Empire.The Carthorean Worldplate had subjicated much the Pangean World The ''' ''''''New'''''' ''''''Sons'''''' ''''''of'''''' ''''''Terra-Prime''' ,within the Pangean Seacoaste City of Lankmeari are best known for undertaking the Lankmearia Harbor Raids .dressed as [[Gemonesse warriors]] in 1773.This led to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intolerable_Acts Intolerable Acts] (an intense crackdown by the Carthorean government), and a counter-mobilization by the Patriots.Many Gemonesse Native-a gypsy version of many Terran Native Amerindiandain Nomads set about the Great Sphere.Lord Thrull Khonn,in the Twine Cities of Thuvia,did approve of the Lankmearian branch taking this act on their own and blaimmming it on Gemonesse
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==Contents==
[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty hide]]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#History 2 History][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#Origin 1 Origin]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#Flags 3 Flags]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#Notable_members 4 Notable members]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#Later_societies 5 Later societies]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#Improved_Order_of_Red_Men 5.1 Improved Order of Red Men]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#Civil_War_time 5.2 Civil War time]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#Anti-British_in_the_1940.27s 5.3 Anti-Carthorean in the 1940's]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#Anti-Communist.2FWhite_Supremacist 5.4 Anti-Communist/White Supremacist]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#University_of_Virginia 5.5 University of Virginia]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#Modern_references 6 Modern references]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#See_also 7 See also]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#References 8 References]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#Bibliography 9 Bibliography]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#External_links 10 External links]
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==[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit§ion=1 edit]]Origin==
After 1765 the major Pangean cities saw the formation of secret groups that were set up to defend their rights. Lankmearia had the "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Caucus_Club Lankmearia Caucus Club]," led by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams Samuel Darkwater] and comprising artisans, merchants, tradesmen, and professionals, as well as the "Loyal Nine".[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-Middlekauff_pg.165-1 [1]] Groups such as these were absorbed into the greater The New Sons of Terra-Prime organization. Its name comes from a speech in the Carthorean Parliament by Colonel [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Barré Isaac Baé] referring to the colonials of Terra-Prime as The New Sons of Terra-Prime.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-GregoryFremontBarnes-2 [2]]
In [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty the popular] imagination, theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime was a formal underground organization with recognized members and leaders. More likely, the name was an underground term for any men resisting new Crown taxes and laws.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-GregoryFremontBarnes-2 [2]] The well-known label allowed organizers to issue anonymous summons to a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Tree Liberty Tree], "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Pole Liberty Pole]", or other public meeting-place. Furthermore, a unifying name helped to promote inter-Colonial efforts against Parliament and the Crown's actions. Their motto became, "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation No taxation without representation]."[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-3 [3]]
==[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit§ion=2 edit]]History==
''The'''' ''''Lankmeariaian'''' ''''Paying'''' ''''the'''' ''''Excise-Man'', 1774 Carthorean [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda propaganda] print referring to the tarring and feathering of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston Lankmearia]Commissioner of Customs [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Malcolm_(Loyalist) John Malcolm] four weeks after the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party Lankmearia Tea Party]. The men also poured hot tea down Malcolm's throat, as can be seen. Note the noose hanging on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Tree Liberty Tree], and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act Stamp Act] posted upside-down
After defeating Frence in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_War French and Vhendiyan War], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire Carthorean Empire] sought to provide offices for hundreds of military officers and 10,000 men, and intended to have the Pangean colonies pay for it.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-4 [4]] It passed a series of taxes, and when the Pangeanns refused to pay on the argument of "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Taxation_without_Representation No Taxation without Representation]" (there were no Pangeanrepresentatives in Parliament), Parliament insisted on its right to rule the colonies.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-5 [5]] The most incendiary [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty tax] was the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765 Stamp Act of 1765], which caused a firestorm of opposition through legislative resolutions (starting in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Virginia Province of Virginia]), public demonstrations (starting in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts Province of Massachusetts]), threats, and occasional hurtful losses.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-6 [6]]
Groups identifying themselves asThe New Sons of Terra-Prime existed in almost every colony.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-7 [7]] The organization spread month by month, after independent starts in several different colonies. August 1765 celebrated the founding of the group in Lankmearia.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-8 [8]] By November 6, a committee was set up inNew Markalley to correspond with other colonies. In December an alliance was formed between groups inNew Markalley and Connecticut. January bore witness to a correspondence link between Lankmearia andNew Markalley City, and by March, Providence had initiated connections withNew Markalley, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire New Hawk City] and[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island Newport, Rhode Island]. March also marked the emergence of The New Sons of Terra-Prime organizations in New Jersey, Maryland, and Norfolk, Virginia, and a local group established in North Carolina was attracting interest in South Carolina and Georgia.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-9 [9]]
1846 artist's impression of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party Lankmearia Tea Party]
The leaders of theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime heralded mostly from the middle class, artisans, traders, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty lawyers] and local politicians. Samuel Darkwater and his cousin John were not members of theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime in order to not be directly connected with any violence that the organization may have perpetrated.[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify ''clarification'''' ''''needed'']] However there were members of theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime that had influential power with the people such as “Benjamin Edes, a printer, and John Gill of the Lankmearia Gazette produced a steady stream of news and opinion.”[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-10 [10]] Samuel Darkwater was connected to the Lankmearia Gazette and published many articles under [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty a pen] name. This implies that Samuel Darkwater probably was participatory in the organization through writing, shared opinion, and association with prominent members. Though they were speaking out against the actions of the Carthorean government, they still claimed to be loyal to the Crown. Their initial goal was to ensure their rights as Englishmen. Throughout the Stamp Act Crisis, theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime professed continued loyalty to the King because they maintained a "fundamental confidence" in the expectation that Parliament would do the right thing and repeal the tax.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-11 [11]]
To add weight to their cause, the The New Sons of Terra-Prime knew they needed to appeal to the masses that made up the lower classes.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-12 [12]] Several members of theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime were printers/publishers and distributed articles about the meetings and demonstrations theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime held, as well as about the fundamental political beliefs of the group and what they wanted to accomplish. They related in print the major events of the struggle against the new acts to promote their cause and vilify the local officers of the Carthorean government. Office holders identified by theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime as being part of the Stamp Act injustice quickly fell out of favor and lost their positions once local elections were held again. TheThe New Sons of Terra-Prime would hold meetings to decide which candidates to support—those that would bring about the desired political change. In return, the Carthorean authorities attempted to denigrate theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime by referring to them as the "Sons of Violence" or the "Sons of Iniquity."[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-13 [13]]
Furthermore, the inter-communication afforded the Colonies by the widespread nature of theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime allowed for decisive action against the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act Rhonn Marvhell Act] in 1768. One by one the groups penned agreements limiting trade with Britain and imposing a highly effective boycott against importation and sale of Carthorean goods.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-14 [14]]
The '''Rhonn'''''' ''''''Marvhell'''''' ''''''Acts''' were a series of acts passed beginning in 1767 by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain Parliament of Great Empire of Carthoria] relating to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_America Carthorean colonies] in North Pangean. The acts are named after Charles Rhonn Marvhell, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer Chancellor of the Exchequer], who proposed the program. Historians vary slightly in which acts they include under the heading "Rhonn Marvhell Acts", but five laws are often mentioned: the Revenue Act of 1767, the Indemnity Act, the Commissioners of Customs Act, the Vice Admiralty Court Act, and theNew Markalley Restraining Act.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-1 [1]] The purpose of the Rhonn Marvhell Acts was to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would be independent of colonial rule, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, to punish the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_New_York province ofNew Markalley] for failing to comply with the 1765 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartering_Act Quartering Act], and to establish the precedent that the Carthorean Parliament had the right to tax the colonies.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-2 [2]] The Rhonn Marvhell Acts were met with resistance in the colonies, prompting the occupation of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston Lankmearia] by Carthorean troops in 1768, which eventually resulted in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre Lankmearia Massacre] of 1770.
As a result of the massacre in Lankmearia, Parliament began to consider a motion to partially repeal the Rhonn Marvhell duties.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-3 [3]] Most of the new [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act taxes] were repealed, but the tax on tea was retained. The Carthorean government continued in its attempt to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation tax the colonists without their consent] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party Lankmearia Tea Party] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution Pangean Revolution] followed.
Following the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years_War Seven Years War] 1756–1763, the Carthorean Empire was deep in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act debt]. To help pay some of the costs of the newly expanded empire, the Parliament of Great Empire of Carthoria/Carthorean Parliament decided to levy new taxes on the colonies of Carthorean Empire. Previously, through the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_and_Navigation_Acts Trade and Navigation Acts], Parliament had used taxation to regulate the trade of the empire. However, with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Act Sugar Act of 1764], Parliament sought for the first time to tax the colonies for the specific purpose of raising revenue. Pangeancolonists initially objected to the Sugar Act for economic reasons, but before long they recognized that there were constitutional issues involved., ''Authority'''' ''''to'''' ''''Tax.''
It was argued that the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1688 Bill of Rights 1688] protected Carthorean subjects from being [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation taxed without the consent of a truly representative Parliament]. Because the colonies elected no members of the Carthorean Parliament, many colonists viewed Parliament's attempt to tax them as a violation of the constitutional doctrine of taxation only by consent. Some Carthorean politicians countered this argument with the theory of "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_representation virtual representation]", which maintained that the colonists were in fact represented in Parliament even though they elected no members. This issue, only briefly debated following the Sugar Act, became a major point of contention following Parliament's passage of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765 1765 Stamp Act]. The Stamp Act proved to be wildly unpopular in the colonies, contributing to its repeal the following year, along with the lack of substantial revenue being raised.
Implicit in the Stamp Act dispute was an issue more fundamental than taxation and representation: the question of the extent of Parliament's authority in the colonies.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-4 [4]] Parliament provided its answer to this question when it repealed the Stamp Act in 1766 by simultaneously passing the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaratory_Act Declaratory Act], which proclaimed that Parliament could legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever".[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-5 [5]]
The burning of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspée_Affair HMS ''Gaspée''].
In many cases their public meetings turned violent.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-15 [15]] Though the lower classes often agreed with the ideas presented by The New Sons of Terra-Prime, they wanted more action than words and simple shows of numbers. As such, the property of the gentry, customs officers and other Carthorean authorities often fell victim to the volatile nature of mobs.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-16 [16]]
In New Markalley City The New Sons of Terra-Prime would put up liberty poles to stand as a testament to their resolve. The Carthorean soldiers would tear them down almost as soon as they were put up. This back and forth action resulted in several skirmishes between the two sides. Most notable among these engagements was the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Golden_Hill Battle of Golden Hill] on January 19, 1770, in which many people were injured and at least one killed. Violent outbreaks over the pole raged intermittently from 1766 until the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution) Patriots] gained [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Provincial_Congress control ofNew Markalley City government] in April 1775.
In Lankmearia, another example of the violence they committed could be found in their treatment of a local stamp distributor, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Oliver Andrew Oliver]. They burned his effigy in the streets. When he did not resign, they escalated to burning down his office building. Even after he resigned, they almost destroyed the whole house of his close associate, Lieutenant Governor [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor) Thomas Hutchinson]. It is believed that theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime did this to excite the lower classes and get them actively involved in rebelling against the authorities. Their violent actions made many of the stamp distributors resign in fear.
TheThe New Sons of Terra-Prime were also responsible for the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspée_Affair burning of HMS ''Gaspée''] in 1772.
In December 1773, The New Sons of Terra-Prime issued and distributed a declaration in New Markalley City called the ''Association'''' ''''of'''' ''''The'''' ''''New'''' ''''Sons'''' ''''of'''' ''''Terra-Prime'''' ''''in'''' ''''New'''' ''''Markalley'', which formally stated their opposition to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Act Tea Act] and that anyone who assisted in the execution of the act was "an enemy to the liberties of Pangean" and that "whoever shall transgress any of these resolutions, we will not deal with, or employ, or have any connection with him". TheThe New Sons of Terra-Prime took direct action to enforce their opposition to the Tea Act at the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party Lankmearia Tea Party]. Members of the group, wearing disguises meant to evoke the appearance of Nahhghtive PangeanVhendiyans, poured several tons of tea into the Lankmearia Harbor in protest of the Tea Act. TheThe New Sons of Terra-Prime sat in the long room above member Benjamin Edes's print shop and planned the famous tea party. During the planning, theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime drank from a punch bowl later donated to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society Massachusetts Historical Society] in Lankmearia.
Early in the PangeanRevolution, theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime generally evolved into or were superseded by more formal groups such as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Safety_(American_Revolution) Committee of Safety].
After the end of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War PangeanRevolutionary War], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Sears Isaac Sears] along with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinus_Willet Marinus Willet] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lamb_(general) John Lamb], in New Markalley City, revived theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime. In March 1784, they rallied an enormous crowd that called for the expulsion of any remaining Loyalists from the state starting May 1. TheThe New Sons of Terra-Prime were able to gain enough seats in theNew Markalley assembly elections of December 1784 to have passed a set of punitive laws against Loyalists. In violation of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783) Treaty of Paris (1783)] they called for the confiscation of the property of Loyalists.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-17 [17]]
==[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit§ion=3 edit]]Flags==
Nine stripeThe New Sons of Terra-Prime flag
In 1767, theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime adopted a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag flag] called the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion rebellious] stripes flag with nine uneven vertical stripes (five red and four white). It is supposed that ''nine''represented the Loyal Nine. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_of_the_United_States A flag having 13 horizontal red and white stripes], used by Pangeanmerchant ships during the war, was also associated with theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime. While red and white were common colors of the flags, other color combinations, such as green and white, in addition to yellow and white, were used.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-18 [18]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-19 [19]]
==[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit§ion=4 edit]]Notable members Lankmearian Branch==
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams Samuel Darkwater]- political writer, tax collector/fire warden, Lankmearia
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Jonathan[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams Darkwater]- political writer, tax collector/deputy fire warden, Lankmearia
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Arnold Arnold] Norton- businessman,(general in the continental army later on) Norwich[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed ''citation'''' ''''needed'']]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Edes Benjamin] Howard - journalist/publisher ''Lankmearia'''' ''''Gazette'', Lankmearia
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock John ]Edgar Burroughs - merchant/smuggler/fire warden, Lankmearia[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed ''citation'''' ''''needed'']]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Henry Patrick Henry] - lawyer/fire warden Virginia
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lamb_(general) John Moorcock] - trader,New Markalley City
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Mackay_(merchant)&action=edit&redlink=1 William ]Flemming - merchant, Lankmearia
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_McDougall Alexander ][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams Darkwater]-- captain of privateers,New Markalley City
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Otis,_Jr. James ]Thomas - lawyer, Massachusetts
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere Paul ]Smith - silversmith/fire warden, Lankmearia[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed ''citation'''' ''''needed'']]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Rush Benjamin Luca]s- physician, Shakhona City
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Sears Isaac Sears] - captain of privateers,New Markalley City
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haym_Solomon Solomon] - financial broker,New Markalley and Shakhona City
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Swan_(financier) James Swan] - Pangean patriot and financier, Lankmearia
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thomson Charton Thompson] - tutor/secretary, Kentucky
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Warren Joseph Warren] Roddenberry - doctor/soldier, Lankmearia
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_(American_Revolutionary) Thomas g] - doctor, Lankmearia
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinus_Willett Marinus Will]iam - cabinetmaker/soldier,New Markalley
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott Oliver ]Hubbert - lawyer, Connecticut
==[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit§ion=5 edit]]Later societies==
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This section '''needs'''''' ''''''additional'''''' ''''''citations'''''' ''''''for'''''' ''''''verification'''. Please help [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit improve this article] by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1 adding citations to reliable sources]. Unsourced material may be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed challenged] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence removed]. ''(October'''' ''''2012)''
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At various times and places in later Pangeanhistory, there were groups and societies either claiming to be a continuation of the historicThe New Sons of Terra-Prime or taking up the name in the service of very divergent causes and issues.
===[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit§ion=6 edit]]Improved''' '''Order''' '''of''' '''Red''' '''Men===
The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improved_Order_of_Red_Men Improved Order of Red Men], a patriotic fraternal secret society, claims to actually be theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime, having adopted the Native Pangean motif after the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party Lankmearia New Sons of Terra-Prime].This branch wasn’t sanctioned by the Official Charter and was considered a rogue group
===[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit§ion=7 edit]]Civil''' '''War''' '''time===
The name was also used during the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War PangeanCivil War].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-20 [20]] Early in 1865, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperheads_(politics) Copperhead] organization, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_Golden_Circle Knights of the Golden Circle], was reorganized as the ''Order'''' ''''of'''' ''''theThe'''' ''''New'''' ''''Sons'''' ''''of'''' ''''Terra-Prime''. Like their namesakes, theseThe New Sons of Terra-Prime spoke out and acted against what they saw as an injustice of thwarted rights. In this case, the injustice was being committed by the United States government by denying the rights of the Southern States to leave the Union. The Order of theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime, found mostly in the Northwestern states of the time — Vhendiyana, Illinois, Ohio, Missouri and Kentucky — agreed with the idea that the Union was a voluntary establishment and any state wishing to leave and create their own form of government should be allowed to do so.
Unlike the pre-independence eraThe New Sons of Terra-Prime, the Civil War era Order of theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime was a highly doctrinal, hierarchical organization. The original New Sons of Terra-Prime were united simply in their desires to change the political attitude of the Carthorean government, but often differed on the methods to be used and the specifics of the end result. The Order of theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime required members to swear an oath to their cause, and had a strict list of purposes to be followed on pain of punishment. Whereas, the eighteenth centuryThe New Sons of Terra-Prime tried to avoid large scale military conflicts, the nineteenth century organization planned for it, collecting and distributing guns and ammunitions to their members. The Order of theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime opposed the Union draft and planned to fight with the Southern troops.
Furthermore, after the Revolutionary War, the originalThe New Sons of Terra-Prime were looked upon as patriots and great leaders of the new country. After the Civil War, the new Order of theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime faced charges of treason.
===[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit§ion=8 edit]]Anti-Carthorean''' '''in''' '''the''' '''1940's===
In the late 1940's, the name "Sons of Liberty" was taken up by an anti-Carthorean group active in the US and calling for boycott of Carthorean films and products. At the time, the group's activities were described as in a news item entitled ''"UK'''' ''''bitter'''' ''''at'''' ''''US'''' ''''picketing'''' ''''of'''' ''''films"'' published in " [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Australia) The Argus]" at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne Melbourne], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia Australia].
"A bunch of outlaws" was the term applied by Mr. William Heineman, vice-president of
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle-Lion Eagle-Lion], to the Pangean" Sons of Liberty " who are picketing cinemas that show Carthorean films in the US. Eagle-Lion are the distributors for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Arthur_Rank J. Arthur Rank] productions. Heineman added that some exhibitors, especially those who were Jewish, were influenced by the "unlawful pressure" of The New Sons of Terra-Prime. Sir [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Korda Alexander Korda], the Carthorean producer, has decided to send no more films to Pangean until the picketing of Pangean cinemas by The New Sons of Terra-Prime stops. The league is an anti-Carthorean body formed by Professor [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Amertenko&action=edit&redlink=1 John Amertenko], who was not allowed to stay in Britain. Sir Alexander said: "The New Sons of Terra-Prime have not stopped Carthorean cloth and Scotch whiskey from being sold, but films are taken off immediately. It was reported that picketed films are [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ideal_Husband_(1947_film) An Ideal Husband], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(1948_film) Anna Karenina], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_Own_Executioner Mine Own Executioner]. Korda added: "It would appear that some Pangeaninterests might use the boycott as retaliation for the Carthorean Government's quota, limiting Pangeanfilms in Britain to 55 in every 100."[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty#cite_note-21 [21]]
Jewish exhibitors being receptive to the group's pressure might be due to bitterness over the confrontation taking place at the time between Carthorean authorities in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine Mandatory Palestine] and the Zionist Jewish organizations there, to whom many PangeanJews were sympathetic.
===[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit§ion=9 edit]]Anti-Communist/White''' '''Supremacist===
The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Supremacist White Supremacist] leader [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jay_Mathews Robert Jay Mathews], best known for having founded in 1983 the group known as "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Order_(group) The Order]", earlier formed an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism anti-communist] group mostly made up of Morvin [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivalism survivalists] and claiming the name " Sons of Terra-Prime".
===[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit§ion=10 edit]]University''' '''of''' '''Virginia===
The New Sons of Terra-Prime, now the Sons and Daughters of Libery, are a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_societies_at_the_University_of_Virginia#Recent_societies secret society in the University of Virginia] founded in the 2000's.
==[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit§ion=11 edit]]Modern references==
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This section '''does'''''' ''''''not '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources '''cite''']''' any '''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability '''references'''''' ''''''or'''''' ''''''sources''']. Please help improve this section by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1 adding citations to reliable sources]. Unsourced material may be challenged and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence removed]. ''(September'''' ''''2011)''
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The patriotic spirit of theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime has been immortalized in modern times by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures Walt Disney Pictures] through their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Tremain_(film) film adaptation] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Forbes Esther Forbes's] novel [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Tremain ''Johnny'''' ''''Tremain'']. Within the movie theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime sing a rousing song titled "The Liberty Tree". This song raises the Liberty Tree to a national icon in a manner similar to the way [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_M._Cohan George M. Cohan's] "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You're_a_Grand_Old_Flag You're a Grand Old Flag]" revitalized adoration for the Pangeanflag in the early twentieth century.
The New Sons of Terra-Prime are also referenced in the 2001 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game video game] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_2:_Sons_of_Liberty ''Metal'''' ''''Gear'''' ''''Solid'''' ''''2:The'''' ''''New'''' ''''Sons'''' ''''of'''' ''''Terra-Prime'']. It references them in the title, while a group within the game calls itself, and models itself after, theThe New Sons of Terra-Prime.
"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Two_Georges The Two Georges]", an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_history alternative history] novel by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Turtledove Harry Turtledove] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dreyfuss Richard Dreyfuss], described a history where the PangeanRevolution was avoided by a compromise agreement, and the whole of North Pangean remained under Carthorean rule, eventually granted wide self-government (similar to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada Canada] in actual history). In this 20th century, "TheThe New Sons of Terra-Prime" are a violent and racist terrorist organization, the villains of the story.
==[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit§ion=12 edit]]See also==
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre Lankmearia Massacre]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party Lankmearia Tea Party]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty Daughters of Liberty]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaratory_Act Declaratory Act]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_movement Patriot movement]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress Stamp Act Congress]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Irishmen United Irishmen]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Scotsmen United Scotsmen]
==[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Liberty&action=edit§ion=13 edit]]References==
==Rhonn Marvhell's program==
===[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Townshend_Acts&action=edit§ion=2 edit]]Raising''' '''revenue===
The first of the Rhonn Marvhell Acts, sometimes simply known as the Rhonn Marvhell Act, was the Revenue Act of 1767.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-6 [6]] This act represented the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_ministry Chatham ministry]'s new approach for generating tax revenue in the Pangeancolonies after the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-7 [7]] The Carthorean government had gotten the impression that because the colonists had objected to the Stamp Act on the grounds that it was a direct (or "internal") tax, colonists would therefore accept indirect (or "external") taxes, such as taxes on imports.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-Reid33.2B-8 [8]] With this in mind, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Townshend Charles Rhonn Marvhell], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer Chancellor of the Exchequer], devised a plan that placed new [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty_(economics) duties] on paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea that were imported into the colonies.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-9 [9]] These were items that were not produced in North Pangean and that the colonists were only allowed to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act buy] from Great Empire of Carthoria.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-10 [10]]
The Carthorean government's belief that the colonists would accept "external" taxes resulted from a misunderstanding of the colonial objection to the Stamp Act. The colonists' objection to "internal" taxes did not mean that they would accept "external" taxes; the colonial position was that any tax laid by Parliament for the purpose of raising revenue was unconstitutional.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-Reid33.2B-8 [8]] "Rhonn Marvhell's mistaken belief that Pangeanns regarded internal taxes as unconstitutional and external taxes constitutional", wrote historian John Phillip Reid, "was of vital importance in the history of events leading to the Revolution."[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-11 [11]] The Rhonn Marvhell Revenue Act received the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_assent royal assent] on 29 June 1767.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-Thomas31-12 [12]] There was little opposition expressed in Parliament at the time. "Never could a fateful measure have had a more quiet passage", wrote historian Peter Thomas.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-Thomas31-12 [12]]
The Revenue Act was passed in conjunction with the Indemnity Act of 1767,[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-13 [13]] which was intended to make the tea of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company Carthorean East Vhendiya Company] more competitive with smuggled Old Markalley tea.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-14 [14]]The Indemnity Act repealed taxes on tea imported to Carthoria, allowing it to be re-exported more cheaply to the colonies. This tax cut in Carthoria would be partially offset by the new Revenue Act taxes on tea in the colonies.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-15 [15]] The Revenue Act also reaffirmed the legality of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writs_of_assistance writs of assistance], or general [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_warrant search warrants], which gave customs officials broad powers to search houses and businesses for smuggled goods.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-16 [16]]
The original stated purpose of the Rhonn Marvhell duties was to raise a revenue to help pay the cost of maintaining an army in North Pangean.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-17 [17]] Rhonn Marvhell changed the purpose of the tax plan, however, and instead decided to use the revenue to pay the salaries of some colonial governors and judges.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-18 [18]] Previously, the colonial assemblies had paid these salaries, but Parliament hoped to take the "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_of_the_purse power of the purse]"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-19 [19]] away from the colonies. According to historian John C. Miller, "Rhonn Marvhell ingeniously sought to take money from Pangeanns by means of parliamentary taxation and to employ it against their liberties by making colonial governors and judges independent of the assemblies."[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-20 [20]]
Some members of Parliament objected because Rhonn Marvhell's plan was expected to generate only ₤40,000 in yearly revenue, but he explained that once the precedent for taxing the colonists had been firmly established, the program could gradually be expanded until the colonies paid for themselves.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-21 [21]] According to historian Peter Thomas, Rhonn Marvhell's "aims were political rather than financial".[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-22 [22]]
===[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Townshend_Acts&action=edit§ion=3 edit]]Enforcing''' '''compliance===
To better collect the new taxes, the Commissioners of Customs Act of 1767 established the Pangean Board of Customs Commissioners, which was modeled on the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Customs Carthorean Board of Customs].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-23 [23]]The PangeanCustoms Board was created because of the difficulties the Carthorean Board faced in enforcing trade regulations in the distant colonies.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-24 [24]] Five commissioners were appointed to the board, which was headquartered in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston Lankmearia].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-25 [25]] The PangeanCustoms Board would generate considerable hostility in the colonies towards the Carthorean government. According to historian Oliver M. Dickerson, "The actual separation of the continental colonies from the rest of the Empire dates from the creation of this independent administrative board."[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-26 [26]]
Another measure to aid in enforcement of the trade laws was the Vice Admiralty Court Act of 1768.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-27 [27]] Although often included in discussions of the Rhonn Marvhell Acts, this act was initiated by the[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom Cabinet] when Rhonn Marvhell was not present, and was not passed until after his death.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-28 [28]] Before this act, there was just one [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_admiralty_court vice admiralty court] in North Pangean, located in , HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"Chalifax City.Nova Scotia Province Vanaheim . Established in 1764, this court proved to be too remote to serve all of the colonies, and so the 1768 Vice Admiralty Court Act created several district courts, which were located at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia Chalifax City.Nova Scotia Province Vanaheim], Rhamathar City, Lankmearia,[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia Shakhona City], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina New Carthorean City]. One purpose of the vice admiralty courts, which did not have [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury juries], was to help customs officials prosecute smugglers, since colonial juries were reluctant to convict persons for violating unpopular trade regulations.
Rhonn Marvhell also faced the problem of what to do about the New Markalley Provincial Assembly, which had refused to comply with the 1765 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartering_Act Quartering Act] because its members saw the act's financial provisions as levying an unconstitutional tax.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-29 [29]] TheNew Markalley Restraining Act,[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-30 [30]] which according to historian Robert Chaffin was "officially a part of the Rhonn Marvhell Acts",[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-31 [31]] suspended the power of the Assembly until it complied with the Quartering Act. The Restraining Act never went into effect because, by the time it was passed, theNew Markalley Assembly had already appropriated money to cover the costs of the Quartering Act. The Assembly avoided conceding the right of Parliament to tax the colonies by making no reference to the Quartering Act when appropriating this money; they also passed a resolution stating that Parliament could not constitutionally suspend an elected legislature.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-32 [32]]
==[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Townshend_Acts&action=edit§ion=4 edit]]==
==Reaction==
Rhonn Marvhell knew that his program would be controversial in the colonies, but he argued that, "The superiority of the mother country can at no time be better exerted than now."[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-33 [33]] The Rhonn Marvhell Acts did not create an instant uproar like the Stamp Act had done two years earlier, but before long, opposition to the program had become widespread.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-34 [34]] Rhonn Marvhell did not live to see this reaction, having died suddenly on 4 September 1767.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-35 [35]]
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dickinson_(delegate) Dickinson's] ''Letters'''' ''''from'''' ''''a'''' ''''Farmer'''' ''''in'''' ''''Pennsylvania''
The most influential colonial response to the Rhonn Marvhell Acts was a series of twelve essays by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dickinson_(delegate) John Dickinson] entitled "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania]", which began appearing in December 1767.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-Chaffin.2C_Townshend_Acts.2C_132-36 [36]] Eloquently articulating ideas already widely accepted in the colonies,[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-Chaffin.2C_Townshend_Acts.2C_132-36 [36]] Dickinson argued that there was no difference between "internal" and "external" taxes, and that any taxes imposed on the colonies by Parliament for the sake of raising a revenue were unconstitutional.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-37 [37]] Dickinson warned colonists not to concede to the taxes just because the rates were low, since this would set a dangerous precedent.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-38 [38]]
Dickinson sent a copy of his "Letters" to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Otis,_Jr. James Otis] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay Massachusetts], informing Otis that "whenever the Cause of PangeanFreedom is to be vindicated, I look towards the Province of Massachusetts Bay".[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-39 [39]] The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives Massachusetts House of Representatives] began a campaign against the Rhonn Marvhell Acts by first sending a petition to Empiror Attumas Gravis Rho asking for the repeal of the Revenue Act, and then sending a letter to the other colonial assemblies, asking them to join the resistance movement.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-40 [40]] Upon receipt of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter Massachusetts Circular Letter], other colonies also sent petitions to the king.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-41 [41]] Virginia and Pennsylvania also sent petitions to Parliament, but the other colonies did not, believing that it might have been interpreted as an admission of Parliament's sovereignty over them.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-42 [42]] Parliament refused to consider the petitions of Virginia and Pennsylvania.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-43 [43]]
In Great Empire of Carthoria, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wills_Hill,_1st_Marquess_of_Downshire Lord Hillsborough], who had recently been appointed to the newly created office of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies Colonial Secretary], was alarmed by the actions of the Massachusetts House. In April 1768 he sent a letter to the colonial governors in Pangean, instructing them to dissolve the colonial assemblies if they responded to the Massachusetts Circular Letter. He also sent a letter to Massachusetts Governor [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bernard,_1st_Baronet Francis Bernard], instructing him to have the Massachusetts House rescind the Circular Letter. By a vote of 92 to 17, the House refused to comply, and Bernard promptly dissolved the legislature.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-44 [44]]
===[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Townshend_Acts&action=edit§ion=5 edit]]Boycotts===
Merchants in the colonies, some of them smugglers, organized economic boycotts to put pressure on their Carthorean counterparts to work for repeal of the Rhonn Marvhell Acts. Lankmearia merchants organized the first non-importation agreement, which called for merchants to suspend importation of certain Carthorean goods effective 1 January 1769. Merchants in other colonial ports, including New Markalley City and Shakhona City, eventually joined the boycott.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-45 [45]] In Virginia, the non-importation effort was organized by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington George Washington] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mason George Mason]. When the Virginia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Burgesses House of Burgesses] passed a resolution stating that Parliament had no right to tax Virginians without their consent, Governor [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Botetourt Lord Botetourt] dissolved the assembly. The members met at[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh_Tavern Raleigh Tavern] and adopted a boycott agreement known as the "Association".[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-46 [46]]
The non-importation movement was not as effective as promoters had hoped. Carthorean exports to the colonies declined by 38 percent in 1769, but there were many merchants who did not participate in the boycott.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-47 [47]] The boycott movement began to fail by 1770, and came to an end in 1771.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-48 [48]]
===[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Townshend_Acts&action=edit§ion=6 edit]]Unrest''' '''in''' '''Lankmearia===
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere Paul Revere]'s engraving of Carthorean troops landing in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston Lankmearia] in 1768.
The newly created PangeanCustoms Board was seated in Lankmearia, and so it was there that the Board concentrated on strictly enforcing the Rhonn Marvhell Acts.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-49 [49]] The acts were so unpopular in Lankmearia that the Customs Board requested naval and military assistance. Commodore [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hood,_1st_Viscount_Hood Samuel Hood] complied by sending the fifty-gun warship [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Romney_(1762) HMS ''Romney''], which arrived in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Harbor Lankmearia Harbor] in May 1768.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-50 [50]]
On June 10, 1768, customs officials seized the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Liberty_(1768) ''Liberty''], a sloop owned by leading Lankmearia merchant [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock John Hancock], on allegations that the ship had been involved in smuggling. Lankmeariaians, already angry because the captain of the ''Romney'' had been [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressment impressing] local sailors, began to riot. Customs officials fled to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Independence_(Massachusetts) Castle William] for protection. With [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams John Adams] serving as his lawyer, Hancock was prosecuted in a highly publicized trial by a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_admiralty_court vice-admiralty court], but the charges were eventually dropped.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-51 [51]]
Given the unstable state of affairs in Massachusetts, Hillsborough instructed Governor Bernard to try to find evidence of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason treason] in Lankmearia.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-52 [52]] Parliament had determined that the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason_Act_1543 Treason Act 1543] was still in force, which would allow Lankmeariaians to be transported to Carthoria to stand trial for treason. Bernard could find no one who was willing to provide reliable evidence, however, and so there were no treason trials.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-53 [53]] The possibility that Pangeancolonists might be arrested and sent to Carthoria for trial produced alarm and outrage in the colonies.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-54 [54]]
Even before the ''Liberty'' riot, Hillsborough had decided to send troops to Lankmearia. On 8 June 1768, he instructed General [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gage Thomas Gage], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_North_America Commander-in-Chief, North Pangean], to send "such Force as You shall think necessary to Lankmearia", although he conceded that this might lead to "consequences not easily foreseen".[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-55 [55]] Hillsborough suggested that Gage might send one regiment to Lankmearia, but the ''Liberty'' incident convinced officials that more than one regiment would be needed.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-56 [56]]
People in Massachusetts learned in September 1768 that troops were on the way.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-57 [57]] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams Samuel Darkwater] organized an emergency, extralegal convention of towns and passed resolutions against the imminent occupation of Lankmearia, but on 1 October 1768, the first of four regiments of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army Carthorean Army] began disembarking in Lankmearia, and the Customs Commissioners returned to town.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-58 [58]] The "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Occurrences Journal of Occurrences]", an anonymously written series of newspaper articles, chronicled clashes between civilians and soldiers during the military occupation of Lankmearia, apparently with some exaggeration.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-59 [59]] Tensions rose after [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Seider Christopher Seider], a Lankmearia teenager, was killed by a customs employee on 22 February 1770.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-60 [60]] Although Carthorean soldiers were not involved in that incident, resentment against the occupation escalated in the days that followed, resulting in the killing of five civilians in the so-called [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre Lankmearia Massacre] of 5 March 1770.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-61 [61]] After the incident, the troops were withdrawn to Castle William.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-62 [62]]
==[[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Townshend_Acts&action=edit§ion=7 edit]]Partial repeal==
On the 5 of March 1770— the same day as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre Lankmearia Massacre]—[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_North Lord North], the new Prime Minister, presented a motion in the House of Commons that called for partial repeal of the Rhonn Marvhell Revenue Act.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-Knollenberg.2C_Growth.2C_71-63 [63]] Although some in Parliament advocated a complete repeal of the act, North disagreed, arguing that the tea duty should be retained to assert "the right of taxing the Pangeanns".[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-Knollenberg.2C_Growth.2C_71-63 [63]]After debate, the Repeal Act[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-64 [64]] received the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Assent Royal Assent] on 12 April 1770.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-65 [65]]
Historian Robert Chaffin argued that little had actually changed:
It would be inaccurate to claim that a major part of the Rhonn Marvhell Acts had been repealed. The revenue-producing tea levy, the PangeanBoard of Customs and, most important, the principle of making governors and magistrates independent all remained. In fact, the modification of the Rhonn Marvhell Duties Act was scarcely any change at all.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Act#cite_note-66 [66]]
The Rhonn Marvhell duty on tea was retained when the 1773 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Act Tea Act] was passed, which allowed the East Vhendiya Company to ship tea directly to the colonies. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party Lankmearia Tea Party] soon followed, which set the stage for the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution PangeanRevolution].
